Multi-institutional analysis of T3 subtypes and adjuvant radiotherapy effects in resected T3N0 non-small cell lung cancer patients

Article information

Abstract

Introduction

The role of adjuvant therapy in patients with resected non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been evaluated in many randomized clinical trials and meta-analyses [123]. Although complete resection has been consistently considered to be the treatment of choice for most NSCLC patients with T3 disease, including cases with chest wall invasion, the role of adjuvant treatment following complete surgical resection of early-stage NSCLC has not been fully established [456]. T3N0 NSCLC is a heterogeneous group of tumor subtypes. According to the 6th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system, patients with pT3N0 tumors show a better 5-year survival rate than those with pT2N0 tumors >7 cm (41% vs. 35%, respectively), while in patients with T4 tumors with additional nodules in the same lobe the 5-year overall survival (OS) rate was 31% [7]. In the 7th edition of the AJCC, T3 stage includes various subtypes, particularly tumors that measure >7 cm and those where at least two tumors are existent in the same lobe. These two subtypes have been newly included in 2010 in the 7th edition of the cancer staging manual of AJCC [8]. Surgery is considered the treatment of choice in patients with T3N0 NSCLC, and surgical technique has improved with time [9]. The survival of pT3 NSCLC patients changes according to the completeness of the resection, and a previous study reported that the prognosis of patients with completely resected tumors was not affected by the depth of invasion, even in the presence of rib or parietal pleura invasion [10].

Controversy still exists concerning whether adjuvant radiotherapy should be performed for patients with postoperative stage T3N0 cancer [2]. Moreover, various opinions have been proposed regarding whether the radiation field should be limited to the region of the primary tumor or extended to the mediastinal lymph node area [45]. A Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database analysis reported that postoperative radiotherapy was efficacious for patients with stage N2 cancer but lowers the survival rate of patients with stage N0 and N1 cancer [1112]. However, one of the critical limitations of the previous study, due to its retrospective and unmatched design, was that the patients who underwent postoperative radiotherapy had more risk factors for recurrence [1314]. Additionally, it has been pointed out that some patients might have been subjected to radiotherapy with an inappropriate dose or field [1115].

Here, we evaluated the prognostic significance of T3 subtypes and the role of postoperative radiation therapy in resected stage IIB T3N0M0 NSCLC patients. The study aimed to evaluate the prognostic factors for patients who underwent resection for stage IIB T3N0M0 NSCLC. First, the prognosis of patients was evaluated according to T3 subtype. In addition, we focused on evaluating the efficacy of adjuvant radiotherapy. Using subgroup analyses, we tried to identify a subgroup of patients who might benefit from adjuvant radiotherapy.

Materials and Methods

1. Patients

In the present study, we conducted a multi-institutional retrospective analysis of 102 patients with postoperative stage T3N0 NSCLC at Wonkwang University Hospital, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Gangnam Severance Hospital, and Shinchon Severance Hospital. The patients had undergone resection from January 1990 until October 2009 and were selected in accordance with the 7th edition AJCC stage T3N0. Before undergoing the operation, each patient underwent staging workups such as chest computed tomography (CT) and whole-body bone scans. Because the descriptions of T3 tumor extent vary, we categorized the patients into 6 subgroups for T3 tumors: parietal pleura chest wall invasion, mediastinal pleural invasion, diaphragm invasion, separated tumor nodules in the same lobe, endobronchial tumor located <2 cm distal to the carina, tumor-associated collapse (atelectasis) or obstructive pneumonia (Fig. 1). This study was approved by our Institutional Review Board (IRB No. 3-2011-0164). The median follow-up period was 35.9 months.

Fig. 1

Schematic illustration of non-small cell lung cancer. (A) Parietal pleura/chest wall invasion. (B) Mediastinal pleural invasion. (C) Endobronchial tumor <2 cm distal to the carina. (D) Tumor-associated collapse (atelectasis) or obstructive pneumonia. (E) Separated tumor nodules in the same lobe. (F) Diaphragm invasion.

2. Treatment

Complete resections were performed in all but 5 patients (95.1%). When chest wall invasion was preoperatively suspected, a chest wall resection, including the affected rib, was scheduled. Extrapleural resection was performed when the parietal pleura could be easily freed from the chest wall. Five patients (4.9%) underwent a complete gross resection by thoracotomy but were found to have positive margins on the final pathologic review of the resected specimens (R1 resections). Seventy-six patients (74.5%) manifested pleural invasion (parietal pleura/chest wall invasion + mediastinal pleural invasion), while 16 (15.7%) were diagnosed with an endobronchial lesion within 2 cm of the carina (Table 1). Adjuvant radiotherapy was administered at 6 or 10 MV photons using a linear accelerator in 57 patients (55.9%). The median total radiation dose was 54 Gy (range, 45 to 60 Gy). The radiation field included the tumor bed without/with the mediastinal lymph node areas. The tumor bed was defined as the region invaded by the tumor and the surrounding tissue (primary tumor bed plus the margin). Platinum-based CT agents (docetaxel or paclitaxel + cisplatin) were mainly used as an adjuvant treatment.

Table 1

Patient characteristics (n = 102)

Results

1. Patient characteristics

The median age of the patients was 64 years (range, 37 to 85 years), and 85 patients (83.3%) were male. The median size of the tumors was 5 cm, and 55 patients (55.6%) had tumors that measured 5 cm and above. Sixty-nine patients (67.6%) had tumors located in the upper lobe. A similar number of tumors were present in the left upper lobe (n = 34) and right upper lobe (n = 35). The most common T3 subtype was pleural invasion, present in 76 patients (74.5%), followed by an endobronchial lesion within 2 cm of the carina in 16 patients (15.7%). The main histologic types were squamous cell carcinoma (57.8%) and adenocarcinoma (30.4%). Of 102 patients, 57 (55.9%) underwent adjuvant radiotherapy. Among the patients who underwent radiotherapy (n = 57), 43 patients (75.4%) received mediastinal irradiation; eleven of these patients had costal pleural invasion (i.e., elective radiotherapy to mediastinum). Fifty-two patients (51.0%) received adjuvant chemotherapy (Table 2).

Table 2

Treatment characteristics (n = 102)

2. Survival analysis

The median OS was 55.3 months and the median DFS was 51.2 months (Fig. 2). The actuarial 4-year loco-regional relapse-free survival was 49.9%, and the 4-year distant metastasis-free survival was 53%. The univariate analysis showed that OS (p = 0.008) and DFS (p = 0.004) were significantly lower in tumors that measured 5 cm and above (Table 3). Patients with endobronchial tumors located <2 cm distal to the carina showed higher survival rate than other T3 subtypes in the univariate analysis (OS, p = 0.003 and DFS, p = 0.006, respectively). Also, the patients with pleural invasion showed lower survival than other T3 subtypes in the univariate analysis (OS, p = 0.023 and DFS, p = 0.049, respectively). On multivariate analysis, the OS and DFS were significantly lower in tumors that measured ≥5 cm than in tumors <5 cm (p = 0.035 and p = 0.035, respectively) (Table 3). The location of endobronchial tumors <2 cm distal to the carina was an independent prognostic factor for OS and DFS (p = 0.018 and p = 0.016, respectively) (Table 3). The survival rate according to operation type and extent of resection was analyzed, and no statistically significant difference was noted in survival (Tables 3). The OS showed no significant difference between the pneumonectomy group (n = 30) and the lobectomy (n = 64) group (p = 0.417 vs. p = 0.601, respectively). Wedge resection was performed only on 3 patients and showed high treatment failure rates (66.7%). The patients who underwent wedge resection showed a lower survival rate (4-year OS, 33.3% and 4-year DFS, 33.3%, respectively) than the patients treated with other types of curative resection. These patients underwent wedge resections owing to tuberculosis (n = 2, 2.0%) or emphysema (n = 1, 1.0%) or bronchiectasis (n = 1, 1.0%). No significant difference was found in OS and DFS between patients treated with or without adjuvant chemotherapy (p = 0.440 and p = 0.619, respectively).

Fig. 2

Overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) among the 102 patients. The median OS was 55.3 months and the median DFS was 51.2 months.

Table 3

Univariate analysis (log-rank test) and multivariate analysis (Cox regression) for survival

4. The impact of adjuvant radiotherapy on tumor location and radiotherapy

Overall, adjuvant radiotherapy did not improve patient survival in the present study (Table 3). However, the patients who received adjuvant radiotherapy had more risk factors. Four of 5 patients (80%) with a positive resection margin and 4 patients (66.7%) with lymphovascular invasion received postoperative radiotherapy.

In cases of mediastinal pleural invasion (n = 25), OS and DFS were longer in patients treated with postoperative radiotherapy than in patients who did not receive radiotherapy (n = 18) (OS, p = 0.012 and DFS, p = 0.040, respectively) (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3

Postoperative radiotherapy (n = 18) improved (A) overall survival (p = 0.012) and (B) disease-free survival (p = 0.040) in patients with mediastinal pleural invasion (n = 25).

Among the patients who had accompanying costal pleura invasion and received irradiation (n = 22), a subgroup analysis of the radiation field was performed; the survival rate was higher in cases where radiotherapy was administered only to the costal pleura than in cases where radiotherapy was also administered to the mediastinum (OS, p = 0.037 and DFS, p = 0.009) (Fig. 4). Patients who received radiotherapy only to the costal pleura (n = 11) experienced more episodes of recurrence (84.6% vs. 55.6%) than those who also received radiotherapy to the mediastinum (n = 11); in particular, a higher number of distant metastases occurred in patients who received radiotherapy only to the costal pleura (72.7% vs. 18.2%).

Fig. 4

In patients who underwent postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) for lesions invading the costal pleura (n = 22), (A) overall survival rate (p = 0.037) and (B) disease-free survival (p = 0.009) rate were higher in patients who received PORT only to the costal pleura (n = 11) than in those who also received PORT to the mediastinum (n = 11).

5. Patterns of failure

Cancer recurred and/or metastasized during follow-up in 39 patients (38.2%) (Fig. 5). Local recurrence, regional recurrence, and distant metastasis were found in 12 cases (11.8%), 11 cases (10.8%), and 25 cases (24.5%), respectively. The sites of distant metastasis were the brain in 10 patients (9.8%), the contralateral lung in nine patients (8.8%), and bone in eight patients (7.8%).

Fig. 5

Patterns of failure in resected non-small cell lung cancer T3N0 patients (number of patients).

Discussion and Conclusion

Gould et al. [5] analyzed the patterns of failure and long-term outcome for 92 patients with completely resected T3N0 NSCLC. The local tumor control after resection was excellent; only three patients failed locally at 4 years. The actuarial 4-year local failure-free rate was 94%. The present study showed treatment failure in 39 patients (overall recurrence rate 38.2%), and local recurrence occurred in 12 cases (11.8%) (Fig. 5) [5]. The 4-year actuarial regional failure-free and distant failure-free survivals were 74% and 68%, respectively. Although the current study showed a higher local recurrence rate than Gould's data [5], the overall recurrence rate was similar, and the distant failure-free survival rate was slightly lower. The fact that 5 patients with incomplete resection were included for this evaluation might influence the results.

For T3N0 NSCLC, the pattern of recurrence may depend on the tumor location. Hayakawa et al. [16] reported that patients with primary tumors in the upper lobes or the superior segment of the lower lobes of the lung lived longer than those with primary tumors at any other site. Riquet et al. [17] reported that bronchial T3 tumors tended to have a better prognosis than T3 tumors infiltrating the mediastinal pleura. The present study showed a significantly lower survival rate than other subtypes in stage T3N0 patients with pleural invasion (OS, p = 0.023; DFS, p = 0.049) in univariate analysis. Satoh et al. [18] previously dealt with the influence of pleural invasion on the prognosis of patients with lung cancer. They held the view that pleural invasion makes cancer cells proliferate along the pleural lymphatic flow; as a result, prognosis of the patients with pleural invasion might be different from the patients with other T3 subtypes. In contrast, endobronchial tumors within 2 cm of the carina demonstrated a favorable prognosis compared with other T3 subtypes (OS, p = 0.003; DFS, p = 0.006).

Several studies have reported that postoperative systemic chemotherapy significantly increases the survival rate in patients with completely resected NSCLC [12]. However, the role of adjuvant chemotherapy remains under controversy for patients with completely resected T3 NSCLC without nodal involvement (T3N0). Lee et al. [19] retrospectively reviewed patients with surgically resected NSCLC invading the chest wall. They analyzed 107 patients who underwent surgical resection for NSCLC with chest wall invasion. They suggested that completion of chemotherapy is the only prognostic factor for long-term survival in 64 patients (60%) with completely resected T3N0 NSCLC infiltrating the chest wall [19]. However, no consistent institutional protocol for adjuvant chemotherapy existed in our study. As a result, adjuvant systemic chemotherapy did not show any significant increase in the survival rate in the present study.

The role of adjuvant radiotherapy in T3 NSCLC patients with chest wall invasion is still controversial [202122]. Facciolo et al. [23] reported that the overall 5-year estimated survival for patients who underwent radiation therapy was 74.1%, whereas in patients who did not undergo radiation therapy it was 46.7% (p = 0.023). Gould et al. [5] reported a significant improvement in locoregional control (p = 0.05) for the use of adjuvant radiotherapy in patients with completely resected T3N0 NSCLC. They showed that the 2- and 4-year regional control was 100% with radiation therapy compared with 72% and 68%, respectively, for patients who did not receive thoracic radiation therapy. Conversely, Doddli et al. [6] assessed prognostic factors in patients with completely resected pT3 NSCLC infiltrating the chest wall and suggested that adjuvant radiotherapy does not seem to be necessary in N0 patients when a complete R0 resection was achieved. Owing to the fact that the patients selected for adjuvant radiotherapy tended to be at risk of relapse, this retrospective study might have difficulty in showing a survival advantage for radiotherapy. On the other hand, it has been argued that the lower survival rate of the patients treated with adjuvant radiotherapy might be related to the application of inappropriate radiation dose and field [45].

According to the present study, adjuvant radiotherapy did not cause an improvement in survival for most patients with resected T3N0 NSCLC. The radiation-induced pulmonary or cardiac toxicities might indirectly affect the survival outcome. That is, the poor survival for the patients with adjuvant radiotherapy might be associated with the inadequate irradiated lung volume and the radiation ports design. In contrast, mediastinal postoperative irradiation showed a possible survival benefit in the subgroup analysis of patients with mediastinal pleura invasion. The tumor extending to the mediastinal pleura has a higher possibility to microscopically metastasize to the mediastinal lymph nodes. Therefore, mediastinal radiotherapy can be effective in the patient subgroup with mediastinal pleural invasion. In other words, adjuvant radiotherapy to the mediastinal lymph node area may be considered to improve survival in the patients with tumors involving the mediastinal pleura.

As for the limitations, the patient population of this study tended to be heterogeneous. First, it was designed as a multicenter trial, and variations of treatment among the centers might have affected the results. Second, patient enrollment was performed within a relatively long period of time (1990-2009). Technological improvement of radiotherapy (e.g., from 2-dimensional radiotherapy to 3-dimensional radiotherapy or intensity-modulated radiotherapy) during this period could decrease the rate of radiation toxicity and it may affect the survival rate. In addition, this study did not deal with the relationship between the treatment volume of radiotherapy and radiation toxicity. In the subgroup evaluation of the patients who had accompanying costal pleura invasion and received irradiation, the higher survival rate of the patients who received treatment only to the costal pleura compared to those who also received treatment to the mediastinum might be related to the increased radiation toxicity due to the enlarged lung irradiation volume. Furthermore, local control could be a better end-point than survival to evaluate the effect of adjuvant radiotherapy. Last but not least, this study is limited by its retrospective design. In particular, the univariate subgroup analysis result that adjuvant radiotherapy may improve survival in cases of mediastinal pleura invasion, should be evaluated in further studies owing to the relatively small sample size.

In postoperative T3N0M0 patients, the tumor size was an independent prognostic factor. The subtype that showed the most favorable prognosis was the one with endobronchial tumors within 2 cm of the carina, which had a smaller tumor size than other subgroups. When administered after surgery, adjuvant radiotherapy is not recommended for most patients with T3N0 NSCLC.

Article information Continued